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OFFICE OP STRATEGIC SERVICES 
Research and Analysis Branch 


R & A No» 1261 


ITALIAN PROPAGANDA ORGANIZilTION 


Description ^ 

A survey of Italian propaganda administration and 
facilities, vTith recommendations concerning their opera¬ 
tion under Allied authority. The discussion centers on 
the Ministry of Popular Culture and its subdivisions in 
charge of radiop press, and films. Tabular matter is 
presented in appendixes® 


October 12, 1943 


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CONFIDENTIAL 


Page 

1 


1. The Place of Propaganda in Italian Life.. 1 

2. Potentialities and Limitations of Allied- 

Sponsored Propaganda. 2 

3. Propaganda from other Sources. 2 

4. General Recommendations. 3 


I. Introduction. 


Contents 


II. Overall Control of Propaganda. 5 

1« Aspects and Agencies Concerned. 5 

2. The Ministry of Popular Culture.. 5 

3. The Fascist Party... 7 

III. Radio.. 9 


1. Operating Organisation. 9 

2. Broadcasting Stations.. 10 

3. The Radio Audience.... 11 

4. Program Content. .. 12 

IV. Press. 13 

1. Legal Provisions..... 14 

2. Control of the Journalistic Profession... 14 

3. Control of News and Consoent. 15 

4. News Agencies... 15 

5. The Book Trade......' 15 

V. Films. 16 

1. Ooveminont and Fascist Party Control..... 16 

2. The Film Industry.. 17 

3. Distribution. 17 

4. Theaters.... 18 

5. The -Audience. 18 

VI. Minor Propaganda Media. 19 

lo Theater* Opera* Music* and Pine Arts. 19 

2e Organic ations......... 19 


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GOSIFIDEISTIAL 


Appendixes 

Psgo 

Appendix I: Radio... 20 

Table It Italian Broadcasting Stations.. 20 

Table 2: PriTrate Radio Subscribers..... 22 

Table 3t Content aiad Duration of Broadcasts, 1939.. 23 

Appendix IX: Press..... 24 

Table 4: In^Kjrtant Daily Newspapers.... 24 

Table 5: Important Periodicals. 28 

Table 6: Catholic Publications. .. 29 

Table 7: Italian Book Publications^ 1937-1939. 30 

Table 8: Major Publishing Houses..... 31 

Appendix III: Films... 32 

Table 9 1 Box Office Receipts^ 1939.. 32 

Table 10; Per Capita Expenditure on Pilmsa 1939..,.. 32 

TaJ^le 11: Number of Films Released, 1930-1938. 33 

Table 12; Films Submitted to Ministry of Popular 

Culture in 1940... 33 

Table 13: Box Office Earnings of New Films, by 

Nationality... 34 

Table 14; Major Film Companies, 1937. 34 





















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COmDBIJTLAL 


Summary 


Official propaganda played co large a part in Italian 
life under Par.ciem -tiiat it would b© impractioabl© to discontinue 
it iEinediatoly. Under proper supervision it may mako sorae con¬ 
tribution to Allied aims, provided the appearance of foreign con¬ 
trol and inspiration is avoided and propaganda is limited in 
quantity and conducted on a dignified level. 

The central organ of official Italian propaganda is tho 
Ministry of Popular Culture, with legal autiiority over radio, press, 
films, theater, etco Its maohj^oiy would bo useful for purposes of 
propaganda control, but a change in its name and status as v/oll as 
its personnel might be doairablo in view of its formorly close asso- 
oiation with Fascism. The Fascist machinery for control over in® 
dividuals engaged in prop^anda activity could bo liquidated mtliout 
serious detriment. 

Radio broadcasting to a domestic aiidienco of about 
10,OCX),000 is oa-rriod on by a private monopoly under tho Ministry 
of Popular Culture, the EI/R, through which broadoacting could be 
supervised. Local supervision at each station would bo desirable 
until chain broadcasting i£? resumed. 

The press and tho Journalistic profession exe closely 
supervised by organs of tho Ministry of Popular Culture and the 
Fascist Party and by the local administrativo authoritieso The 
film and motion picture industries are also supervised by the 
Ministry of Popular Culture. Importation of new American films 
is to be recommendedo 

The theater, opera, music, and the fine arts call for 
little supervision. 

Private organizations used by the FasoistG for propaganda 
purposes may be encouraged to revert to their original, non- 
propagandistio functionso 




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COK?IDSM?Ii\L 


ITALIAN PROPAGANDA ORa\I^ZATION 


I« Introduction 


!• The PlacQ of Propaganda in Italian Life 

Propaganda has been one of the chief instniments of the 
Fascist dictatorship -which ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943. Com¬ 
bined with terror and I'epression, it constituted one of the strong¬ 
est supports of -the regime and permeated every phase of the national 
life* Not only irere prees^ radio, notion picture g end ell otiior 
media of communication organized and raanipulatod for propagandistic 
purposes; the educational system, the Fascist organisations for 
childron and adults, the workers’ and employers’ unions# and even 
priva-te organizations of all kinds functioned as agencies for the 
spread of Fascist ideas and atti’budes* 

It is questionable how deeply or lastingly tliis flood of 
propaganda has affected the Italian mentality. Italians, long known 
for a considerable degree of skepticism# particularly as regards po¬ 
litical systems and institutions# have imdouLtedly maintained a 
somewhat critical attitude toward the outpourings of the official 
press and radio. Moreover, the highly activiatic, nationalist and 
aggressive tone of Fascist propaganda was ill-attuned to the basic 
disposition of -fche I-fcalian people# who tend "bo be easy«=soing, mildly 
cynical# and preoccupied with -fche immediate problems of material ex¬ 
istence. The lukewarm attitude of most Italians during the present 
war suggests that the Fascist propaganda effort fell far short of 
comple-be successo 

Nevertheless# propaganda has played so large a part in the 
mental life of the average Italian that it would be impracticable to 
eliminate it all at once. Sudden discontinuance of all official 
propaganda might wel?. create a mental and moral vacuum which could 
be exploited by unscrupulous persons for their oiwi endso 

The problem confronting Allied authorities responsible for 
propaiganda supervision will therefore cemprise (1) elimination of 
undesirable propaganda matter; (2) institution of propaganda policies 
favorable to the United Nations; and (3) gradual reduction of the 
volume of propaganda and promotion of a larger measure of freedom of 
expression# as a necessary step in rebuilding a sound political and 
intellectual life. In view of tlie generally friendly feelings of the 
Italian people for tiio Allies# propaganda control may prove to bo 
only a minor problem. Conceivably, however# political and military 
developments may create a situation in -^diich propaganda will need to 
be closely supervised or even carried on direcbly under Allied aus¬ 
pices. 





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2o Fotentialitiee and Limitations of Ar'.lied° » 3 ponsorod Propaganda, 

(1) Liberated Territory 

The basic aim of propaganda in liberated I1;alian terri¬ 
tory, 80 far as the Allies are concerned, mil be to secure bho co¬ 
operation and good -will of the local population in order to promote 
(e) order and security, (b) assistance to our war effort, fsnd (c) 
growth of a healthy non-Pascist political outlook* The attitude of 
the local population will, however, be influenced by a variety of 
factors beyond the 2 ’each of propaganda, such as th.e status of the 
Italian government, the nature of the armistice and peace teims to 
be iiiq)og 0 d, the activities of the eneniy in Italy, end the Buccees of 
our relief smd rehabilitation operations. Propaganda must operate 
within the limitations iii^osed by these factorso 

(2) Sneuy-Occupied Territory 

For the present, the basic aim of any pj’opaganda directed 
from liberated to eneiiy^occupied territory will be to undormino the 
position of the German anry and its supporters. Pr-opagaada can, how¬ 
ever, make only a limited contribution to this endo Presianably its 
most useful functions mil be to spread accurate information on tho 
progress of the war, counteract the effects of enem^f propaganda, pro¬ 
mote faith in American power and benevolence-, and predispose Italians 
in favor of our future military occupationo 

(3) Territories Outside Italy 


Important facilities exist for ehortvjave broadcasts to 
Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, the Near East, and tho Americas, 
Propagandistio use of these facilities would be governed by th.e over¬ 
all psychological warfare policy of the United Nations. 

3. Propaganda from other Sources 

In addition to locally^authorized propaganda, the Italians 
will probably be exposed to propaganda from several other sources, 
eneIn^^, neutral, and friendly. Efforts to.block reception of foreign 
radio propaganda thi'ough ouch methods ao Jamming, confiscation of radios, 
punitive action, etc,, would probably be unwise in vievr of tho asso¬ 
ciation of such measures with the repressive Fascist regime. 

The follov/ing may be among the more important external propa¬ 
ganda sources; 

(1) The Enemy 

The Genaaii«"8poncored ’’National Fascist Government” of 
Italy may be expected to continue its prop-agenda efforts through all 











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- 3 - 


CONFIDE^iTIAL 


available channels, paarbioularly through Italian radio stations 
under its control. The Japanese radio broadcasts in Italian, but 
is probably not nuch heal’d in Italy, 

(2) The United Nations 


Radio propaganda has been beamed to Italy from the United 
States, Great Britain, Russia, and Algiers (United Nations Radio)® 

The British broadcasts, in particular, have long had a considerable 
Italian audience® 

(3) The Vatican 


The Vatican may be in a position to cB-rry on extensive 
propaganda activities throu^ its own broadcasting station and press, 
as well as through the organization of the Roman Catholic Churcho 
kttemptB to influence such propaganda should be made, if at all, Yrith 
the greatest tact® It is quite possible that the Vatican will volun¬ 
tarily prevent its propaganda activity from noticeably conflicting 
with our own® 

4. General Recommendations 

The following general principles, it ^ s believed, would form 
suitable guides for Allied propaganda policy, and shoiild tend both 
to promote our immediate interests in Italy and to lay the foundations 
for future Italian-^erican collaboration. 

(1) The appearance of foreign control end inspiration should 

be avoided 


It is perhaps too much to expect that the Italians, if 
left entirely to their own devices, should automatically reorient 
their propaganda and their entire cast of thought in a non-Fascist 
direction. On the other hand, it appears highly unlikely that overt 
propaganda activr.ty by foreign powers would succeed in bringing about 
such a reorientation. Indeed, long«=*continu 0 d foreign propaganda might 
even have the opposite effect, and set up dangerous countor-^currents 
of nationalistic opposition® 

Far more promising, under all the circumstances, would 
be the method of entrusting bona fide Italian liberals with responsi¬ 
bility for managing their own propaganda and censorship machinery® 

The interests of liberal-minded Italians ere not fundamentally dif¬ 
ferent from those of the Allies, and their knowledge of the psycho¬ 
logical factors involved is necessarily better® 

It is assumed, of course, that any Italian government 
permanently recognized by the Allies will itself have a liberal 








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CONPIDEMTIAL 


orientation^ and will be able to guarantee £*ull freedom of liberal 
expression as well as preventing undesirable propaganda. In the un¬ 
likely event that the Allies should find themselves supporting an 
anti-liberal Italian government — one with which patriotic liberals 
found themselves unable to work — the effectiveness of propaganda 
from either Allied or Italian government sources would be greatly 
reduced, if not nullified. 

PropagEmda should be limited in quantity . 

Italians are suffering from a surfeit of official propa¬ 
ganda and are likely to resent any attempt to continue it on the same 
scale. Recognition of the right of freedom of expression -would itself 
be an official propaganda gesture of immense value. Many facilities 
hither-to used primarily for propaganda are equally suited to the pres- 
en-bation of high-grade entertainment® and of political and cultural 
discussion on a non-propaganda basis. Such propaganda as it is nec¬ 
essary to disseminate should be presented unobtrusively® and cast in a 
fao-fcual and logical rather -than an emotionalized form. 

Propaganda should be conducted on a dignified level . 

Italians would quickly bo repelled by emotionalism® sales¬ 
manship® high-pressure tactics, or vulgarity. A tone of partisanship 
should be avoided; attacks on Italian institutions and personalities — 
even Fascists — should be left to the Italians themselves. Even anti- 
German and anti-Japanese propaganda might make a bad impression, if 
its Allied inspiration -were too obvious. Posters, e-bc., should if 
possible bear -bhe imprint of a recognized Italian source. 

(4) Propaganda may be carried on in s-bandard Italian . 

Standard literary Italian is the established language of 
education, cul-bure, press, and radio. It is generally understood in 
urban districts, and even people in the remoter rural districts have 
a rudimentary knowledge of it. 

In addition to standard Italian, Italy has innumerable 
dialects® which differ v/idely from on© district to another. Generally 
speaking, however® literary Italiein will be adequate for all propa¬ 
ganda purposeso Use of dialects would be more appropriate for enter¬ 
tainment features than for straight propaganda® and should be under¬ 
taken only with the advice and assistance of qualified Italians. 

'It should be remembered that Italy still has an unusually 
high illiteracy rate (21 percent in 1*931). Illiteracy is much more 
prevalent in -bhe sou-bh than in -bhe nor-bh® and is more common in the 
rural districts than in the towns. Even illiterate Italians have a 
remarkable degree of practical intelligence. 










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- 5 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


II- Overall Control of Propaganda 

1- Aspects and Agencies Concerned 

Control of propaganda in the Fascist state has had two as¬ 
pects s (1) the positive aspect of promoting attitudes and opinions 
required by the government; (2) the negative (censorship) aspect of 
suppressing news, commentj, or opinion unfavorable to the regime« In 
its positive aspect^ propaganda was carried on primarily through the 
Ministry of Popular Culture^) the Ministry of National Education^ and 
the Fascist Party and its offshoots. Censorship was carried on by the 
some agencies with the collaboration of local administrative authori¬ 
ties and of the militaryo 

The present discussion will be limitedp in the mainp to the 
activities of the Ministry of Popular Culture, the central organ of 
official propaganda, end of the Fascist Partyo Educational problems 
will be treated in a separate studyo Although a number of changes in 
propaganda organization have occurred since the fall of I4ussolini, 
the system as described here remained substantially in effect at least 
up to the date of the Italian armistice, and neither the Badoglio nor 
the Mussolini governments have yet shown any disposition to alter its 
basic framework- 

TQiile the development of any permanent propaganda policy in 
Italy would require the use of some such system as the one described 
below, it is recognized that in the earlier stages of Allied occupa-= 
tion some propaganda may have to be carried on directly under the aus¬ 
pices of the Allied armies. As new territories come under Allied 
control, the local population can readily be infom^d of our aims and 
requirements through posters, handbills, and the local press and radio => 

2• The Ministry of Popular Culture ( Ministein della Cultura Popolare) 

General supervision over all state propaganda activily is 
vested in the Ministry of Popular Culture (formerly Ministry of Press 
and Propaganda), located at Via Vittorio Veneto 56, Romoo The Ministry 
embraces the following divisions: 

(1) General Directorate for Administrative Services, General 
Affairs, and Personnel; 

(2) General Directorate for the Italian Press; 

(3) General Directorate for the Foreign Press; 

(4) General Directorate for Propaganda (precise functions not 
knovm); 

(5) General Directorate for the Cinema; 







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- 6 « 


CONFIDENTIAL 


(6) General Directorate for the Tourist Industry; 

(7) General Directorate for the Theater; 

(8) General Directorate for Cultural Exchanges (?); 

(9) Inspectorship of Radio and Televisioiio 1/ 

Under the supervision and control of the Ministry of Popular 
Culture are a number of institutions or associations (onti) which 
also serve propaganda purposesa either primarily or as an auxiliary 
functions 

(1) The Educational Motion Picture Union ( L°Unione 
Dinematografica Educativa—-LUCE )o (See \)q 1 0^*7 eoction Vo) 

(2) The National Association of the ‘^ourist Industry 
( ^stituto Nazionale per le Industrie Turietiche«"-»SNIT’) . 

(3) The National Institute for Classical Drama ( Istituto 
Nazionale del Dramma ^ntico )« 

(4) The State Gramophone Records Collection ( Discoteca di Stato ), 

(5) The Provincial Tourist Institute?' ( Enti Provinciali per il 
Turisino )o 

(6) The Committee for Credit to Hotels ( Comitato per il 
Credito Alberghiero) o 

Further^ the Ministry exercises general supervision over the 
follovdng bodies? 

(1) Radio ; The Italian Broadcasting Monopoly ( Ente Italiano 

per le ‘^dizioni Radiofoniche-^ElAR) e (See ^eTow^ sectron III.) 

(2) Tourist Industry: Royal Italian Automobile Club; 

Autonomous Association of Health, Tourist, and Pleasure 
Resorts; ’'Silano” Tourist Organization; "Springtime in 
Sicily,” 

(3) Theater: Managements of the San Carlo Theater (Naples), 

Seal a l^heator (Milan), Victor Emmanuel III Theater 
(Florence), Arena Theater (Verona); Italian Organization 
for Theatrical Exchanges, 

(4) Writing and Publishing: Italian Society of Authors end 
Publishers (S(r<net^ Itallana degli Autori ed Editori), 


1^ Decree«Law of Sopt, 24, 1936, no. 1834 ( Gozzetta Ufficiale, Oct. 22, 1936) 
and later enactments; Commercio estero e turiemo (Milan, , p. 44; 

Italian Basic Handbook (British), p, 87; PBIS Daily Report, May 14, 1943. 


























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- 7 - 


CO]^PIDSNI•UI. 


In 1037 tlio Ministry 'VTas au'bhorised to eaploy a total Per-* 
sonnel of 800, including 272 administrative, 114 profossional and 
technical, and 414 clerical and maintenance employees, l/ The Min¬ 
ister has authority to appoint a small number of ”pr6S8‘~attach^s” 
in the various prefectures of Italy. ^ 

In viev/ of tlie central position of the liinistry in the ?/holo 
field of propaganda, its retention as an instrument for sups 2 *vision 
and control would present considerable advantages. On the other 
hand, its identification with the Fascist i^egine and ideology has 
boen so complete, and its personnel is likely to bo co tlioroughly 
Fascist in outlook, that the Italian government itself might 7 /g 11 
prefer to liquidate it, maintaining only so much of the existing 
machinery as is really necessary for purposes of public irfomation. 
The Ministry's tourist and cultural functions could easily be trano- 
ferred to the Ministry of National Education, which already has 
Jurisdiction over antiquities end fine arts, libraries;, preservation 
of national beauties, oto«, What remained of the Ministry of Popular 
Culture could be demoted to the status of an office of informaticne 
Such a change noed not impair its utility as a control agency, 

[ The Fascist Party ' 

The Fascist Party has exercised a twofold propaganda func¬ 
tion: (1) its local units on every level and its various subsidiary 
organizations have been centers for dissemination of Fascist ideas 
and '*spirit”j (2) through the machinery of the Fascist corporative 
system, the Party has supervised all persons engaged in any kind of 
propaganda activi-(y* 

(1) Party and Party-Controlled Propaganda Organizations 

Inculcation of Fascist ideas and attitudes has been one 
of the chief objects of the Fascist Party and the eubsidieiy Fascist 
organizations for childron, youths, and adults. It is assumed that 
all these organizations mil be eitlier de^Pascistized or dissolvod 
out of hand. 


Similar treatment may be accorded to \puch organizations 
as the National Fascist Institute of Culture ( istituto Nas ion ale 
Fasciflta di Cultura ), which has had the function of carrying Fascist 
propaganda into tlie more cultivated sections of the population by 
promoting the publication of suitable books-, maintenance of an 
extensive library^ ©to. ^ 


l/ D©cr©e*»La?/ of Jan® 11, 1937, noo 3 ( Qazzotta Ufficiale, Jan. 21, 1957). 

Z/ Decree-La’tT of Septo 24, 1936, no. 1834 ( Gazzetta Ufficiale, Got. 22, 1936} 
"y Ebenstoin, William, Fascist Italy (New York, 1939), p, 104. 












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^ 8 - 


COJ^fFIDENTIAL 


Older orgftjaizations such ae tlie Dante -Alighieri ( Societa 
Nagionale Dante Alighieri) j, founded in 1889 ”to safegimrd and promote 
Italian language and cultiu'e outside the Kingdom* and to hold high 
the sentiment of Italienism everywhere,'* ^ belong to a category only 
slightly different. The Dante Alighieri speoialized in rabidly 
nationalistic propaganda even before Pascism* and since 1922 it has 
beooino thoroughly Pasoistized, Wiidiout a radical change of personnel 
and policies, its continuance could scarcely be recoannended. 

(2) The Corporative System 

Professional people and iatelleotual workers, the chief 
class engaged in propaganda work, are organised in provincial associations 
which correspond to the main occupational categories in the professional 
fields authors and writers, artir^s, journalists* musicians, stage 
technicians, etc. These provincial associations are combined into 
natiCnal professional "syndicates," which in turn are grouped together 
to fom the National Fascist Confederation of Artists and Professions,! 
Workers (Via Toscana 5, Rome), Similar occupational groupings, such 
as the National Federation of Newspaper Publishers and Press Agencies, 
the National Federation of the l^ntertaiaraent Industry, the National 
Federation of Jj^lectrical Communications V/orloers, etc,, etc., embrace 
all other persons concerned with propaganda in any way, whether as 
employers, op^loyeos, or independent woricere. 

This machinery has been the Party^s most potent instru¬ 
ment for securing universal outward conforzai'ty to its doctrines- 
Through the corporative system it. has been able to prevent any opponent 
of the regime from earning a livelihood in his ahosaa trade or pro- 
fessiono 


The general problem of the future of the corporative 
system transcends the scope of this discussion^ For purposes of propa¬ 
ganda control,, the existing setup might provide a convenient means of 
contact with the occupational groups concerned, especially during the 
transitional period before Allied control is fully established in a 
given area. On t3ie other hand, insaediate dissolution of these organi¬ 
zations would probably liave no serious consequences, provided the 
official propaganda agencies were adequately controlled. 


'U Consiglio Nezionale della ^ioerche, Enti Culturali Italiani 
tBologna, 1929), vol# 2, p* 11. 














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- 9 


COJJFirBflTIAL 


III. Radio 

Ic Operating Organigation. 

Radio broadcasting for Italy and tho Italian colonies is 
carried on exclusively by a governinent«»controlled corporationp the Ente 
Italiano per le Audizioni Rad i ofoniche (bIAR), ujider a 35«=year con- 
cession granted in 1927. The EIAR owns and operates all of tho 50- 
odd Italian broadcasting stations. N<»iiinally a private concern sup¬ 
ported by a tax on radio sets, it is closely supervised and controlled 
by the Ministry of Popular Culturec In case of military or other com¬ 
pelling necessity, the government has tlie right to limit its operations 
or take over its installations, offices, and equipment, \J 

The EIAR is an enterprise of considerable magnitudeo Early in 
the war it was reported to have a personnel of 15 directors, 1^000 
workers and technicians, and over 3,000 "collaborators,” and to possess 
29 buildings. ^ Its internal organization^ under a supervisory committee 
of prominent personages from political and professional life, includes 
sections for programs, administration, technical matters, construction 
and research, propaganda and "development," and publications (it pub^ 
lishes a weekly bulletin, the Radiocorriere, with an estimated circula¬ 
tion of 175,000 copies)o Branch organiza^ons on a similar pattern are 
maintained at each of the main broadcasting stations, ^ The head offices, 
formerly at Turin, were transferred to Rome (Via Montsilo 5) at the out¬ 
break of tho war. £/ 

Another government-sponsored body, the Rural Radio Organization 
( Ente Radio Rurale— ERR), functioning under the Ministry of Communications 
( IQS /), supervise s' the preparation of educational and other programs for 
the rural population, and has distributed cheap radio sets on the in¬ 
stallment plan to schools, local authorities, and Fascist groups in 
rural districts. ^ 


^ Decree-Law of NoVo 17, 1927, no. 2207 ( Oazzetta Uffioiale, Deco 13, 
1927); Huth, Amo: La Radiodiffusion, puissance mondiale' (Paris, 1937), 
po 137. 

^ Charles J. Rolo, Radio Goes to War (New York, 1942), pp. 133-4. 

^ Huth, La Radiodiffusion, po 137. 

^ BBC European Audience Estimates; Italy, July 26, 1945 . 

^ Huth, La Radiodiffusion, pp. 140-41o 
















^ I 




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- 10 - 


C0NPIDEl?rL\L 


2. Broadcasting Stations l/ 

(1) Modium-Y/'ave S tations 


Medium-wave stations are of primary importance for in- 
fluencing local Italian opinion« The most powerful medium»v/ave stations 
are located at Rome;, Florence;, Bologna, Turin and Milan; minor stations 
are located in a number of provincial capitalsc 

Italian stations are organized for chain broadcasting of 
programs originating at Rome or elsewherea Sinco Italy entered tho war 
they have been regrouped into three chains (Red;, Biue^, and Groen), 
with network stations at Rome, Bologna, Milan, Turin, Florence, Genoa, 
Trieste, Naples, Ancona, Bari, Palermo, end Cataniao It has not proved 
possible to provide three different programs simultaneously; after June, 
1942, two simultaneous programs were provided, each on four to five wave¬ 
lengths o 


Because the mountainous nature of the country makes 
reception difficult in many parts of Italy, the government has tried to 
assure every large region at least three stations, some of them of low 
power© Minor stations not belonging to the three chains serve primarily 
as relay stations for the more powerful ones© Minor stations off the 
underground cable network are linked \y aerial telephone wires* 

Allied supervision of medium-wave broadcasting would have 
to be carried out in each individual station until facilities for chain 
broadcasting are restored. Supervision could probably be limited to 
participation in program makeup and a precautionary reading of scripts © 
Resumption of chain broadcasting would make it possible to centralize 
all control at Rome, except for purely local programso 

(2) Short-wave stations 


Short-wave stations are useful only for influencing opinion 
outside Italy. Italian broadcasts to foreign countries in 1942 totaled 
?i7;i960 (12,410 hours) in 32 different languages© Among the audiences 
addressed were Italian residents in the Western Hemisphere, Italian 
workers in Germany, soldiers and prisoners in foreign countries, and 
sailors interned in neutral ports. ^ 

The principal short-wave stations are located at Prato 
Smeraldo (near Rome). They would be supervised in the same manner as 


A coiz^ilete list of Italian broadcasting stations appears in Appendix I 
Xisble l). Technical information from Topographic Intelligence Subdivision, 

Daily Report, May 14, 1943, 








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- 11 - 


gonfik:ntial 


mediun-v/ave stations, in confomity with general Allied psychological 
warfare policy. 

(3) Jannning stations 


Jaxazning stations (designed to hinder reception of foreign 
broadcasts) have been reported to exist at Home, Turin, and Milan, y 

3. The Radio Audience 

(1) Number of Listeners 


According to official statistics there were 1,578,199 
licensed radio receiving sets in use in Italy (including Sicily and 
Sardinia) on December 31, 1941 (see Table 2). The small number of 
licensed sets is not a true index to the number of listeners: the ratio 
of listeners to licensed sots has been estimated as high as 6 to 1, 
noJcing a total of perhaps 10,000,000 regular listenerso 

Group listening outside the home has been well developed, 
largely through government encouragement. In 1940 every village was 
reported to have a cocmunal radio receiver; ^ 6400 Dopolavoro clubs 
and more than 23,000 public establishments (including bars, restaurants, 
railroad stations, factories, r’ascist organizations, etc,) were licensed 
to possess sets. In 1939 over 20,000 schools in Italy had radio re- 
coivors, ^ 

(2} Tji-pc and condition of sets ^ 

According to an estimate made in 1943 about 25 percent of 
Italian radio sots aro equipped to receive short-wave broadcasts, de¬ 
spite official discouragement of the use of eqiiipment able to receive 
eneiiy propaganda. In January 1943 production of civilian short-wave 
sets was forbidden; manufacture of other civilian sets was limited to 
the filling of quotas already assigned, and all such production was to 
cease in August 1943. There are hardly any battery sets in Italy. 

It is reported that repairs have been available. There 
is a shortage of tubes, but spare parts have been obtainable oh the 
black market. 


1^ BBC European Audience Estimates : Italy. 

2^/ Consular hoport, Rome, 0ct<, 11, 1940, 

V Huth, La Radiodiffusion , po 141. 

y BBC huropoan Audience Estimates: Italy; Radio Toulouse broadcast, 
Jar.o 1943; Topographic Intelligence Subdivision, 














- If 


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— 12 "• 


CONFIDENTIAL 


(3) He8trietion8 on Listening 3/ 

Up to the time of the armistice Italians were forbidden 
to listen to any enemy or neutral stations. Violations were punishable 
by confiscation of radios and prison sentences of six months to three 
years# plus fines ranging from 4#000 to 40^000 lire. These penalties 
do not appear to have discouraged determined listenerso 

(4) Uatening Habits 2/ 

According to a survey made by the EIAR in 1940# the great¬ 
est proportion of listeners tune in between lltOO and 11§30 and 
18;30-20s30 G.MoT. 


15 

70 

80 

90 

25 

90 

15 


percent 

n 

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listen 


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18:30 

2i:oo 


06“30 

10S30 

IISOO 

11S30 

16S30 

apps 20o30 

22:00 


The BBC found that its 1 8;30 broadcasts reached the largest audience# 
while many persons also listened to lunch-time and early morning bulletins. 


4. Program Content 


According to its charter, granted in 1927, the EIAR is limited 
to the broadcasting of music, theatrical or ceremonial performances, 
sporting events, etco, talks, sermons, lectures, readings, and news. 

It is obligated to place two hours a day at the disposal of the govern¬ 
ment, and must be prepared to make its facilities available at any time 
for programs of general interest. Six morning hours a week must be 
devoted to programs of local interest (news, talks, lessons, etc.) 
sponsored by the oommuneso Advertising is permitted, provided it does 
not lower the quality of the programs and does not take up more than 10 
percent of the radio time purchased. ^ 


BBC E uropean Audience Estimatest Italy . 

iJ I]^. 

y Decree of NoVo 17, 1927, no, 2207 ( Gazzetta Ufficiale, Dec. 13, 1927), 

















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i- 


,1 









- 13 - 


nOI^FID’OTIAL 


The EIAR broadcesting programs are supervised by the Ministry 
of Popular CulturOp whichp however, gives it a fairly free hand in 
non-political broadcasts* Broadcast of political or economic infomia- 
tioHp except rdien furnished by an authorized government agency, re¬ 
quires approval in advance by the local administrative (profecturai) 
authority, l/ 

A table showing the number of program-hours devoted to news, 
music, etOo appears in the appendix (Table 3)o General rcoommendations 
on propaganda policies, applicable to radio broadcasting, will be found 
in section I, above<> 

As a supplement to propaganda broadcasts, it ma;^' be possible 
to secure transcriptions of American musioal programs and other com¬ 
paratively highc^grade entertainment which could be adapted to Italian 
audiences by native expertso In broadcasts to euoiay-occupied territory 
brief news flashes repeated a number of times are likely to be more 
effective than lengthy commentaries, because of the danger of listeningo 


IV, Press 

The press holds a comparatively unimportant position in Italian 
life, largely because rigid supervision has given it a uniform monotony* 
Newspapers of national importance are relatively few, the most influen¬ 
tial being a small number of Rome papers and the Corriere della Sera of 
Milan and the Staapa of Turin, 

In order to maintain the fiction of a free press, censorship 
has been enforced through a complicated legal systems Theoretically, 
the journalist is a private individual, exercising a public functionj 
the newspaper is likewise a privately owned enterprise, which is con¬ 
sidered to fiilfill a public social and political role. Both ’’gladly 
accept”, the control of the government so that their private opinions 
may be "harmonized with national ends.” ^ Officially they publish Tdiat 
they vdsh; austually no newspaper or magazine may be published without 
official permission, and post-censorship of the contents of individual 
issues is extremely severe. 


y 

2^ Annuario della Stampa , 1937-38 (Bologna, 1937), p, 107, 








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« 14 - 


COKFIDSNTIAL 


lo Legal Provisions 


Control of Italian publications is insurad by the press la";? 
of May 26, 1932, ^ Before any material is published the director or 
responsible editor of the publication must obtain recognition and 
approval from (1) the Procurator-General of the local Court of Appeal, 
(2) the Ministry of Populftr'Culture, (3) the National Syndicate of 
Journalists, and (4) the local Prefecto A complete declaration of 
ownership of both the publishing and printing companies is roruired. 

Any change in the status of the newspaper or of its editors, owners, 
and printers must likewise be recognized by the Prefect. This recog¬ 
nition must be renewed at the beginning of each yoaro 

Any mistake in these arrangements is grounds for iinmediate 
suspension of the publication. Two violations of the above law, or 
two violations of the directives of the General Directorate for the 
Italian Press (sec® 3, below), are grounds for the dismissal of the 
director or responsible editor® This action is brought by the Court 
of Appeal, idiich may at the same time suspend publication. The Prefect 
can reprimand the editor for infractions, confiscate the offending 
edition, and bring the editor to court® In some cases periodicals of 
cultural interest have been driven out of existence merely because they 
tried to be unpolitical and did not take a pro«Prscist stand® ^ 

2* Control of the Journalistic Profession 


Personal control of journalists is exercised by the National 
Fascist Syndicate of Journalists (Via Toscana 5, Rome), No Italian 
may practice journalism in Italy unless he is enrolled on the Register 
(Albo ) kept by the Syndicatec Enrolment is conditional upon the pos¬ 
session of certain "moral and cultural prerequisites" (chiefly of a 
political character), and must be renewed each year® journalist may 
be suspended by the Syndicate at any time® ^ 

The Syndicate also operates the school of journalism, organizes 
the administration of social security for its mambers, and collaborates 
closely with the Ministry of Popular Culture in administration of the 


Ebenstein, Fascist Italy , pp® 59-60. 

^ Franchi, L.: Leggi usual! d* Italia, 6th ed® (Milan, 1934), vol, 2, 
pp® 2179-81; Annuarlo della stampn , 1937-58, pp® 83G-9; 


^ Annuario della staapa, 1937-33, pp. 105-6; Ebenstein, Fascist Italy , 
pp® 59-60; Italian BasicHandbook , pp® 90-91 <> 















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- 15 - 


COIJPIDEIJTIAL 


censorship maohineryo It has certain legal powers to regulate the 
profits of newspapers and the wages and hours of journalists* 3/ 

Complete information on journalists, publishing establishments, 
©to. can probably be obtained from the files of the National Syndicate 
its local branches o 

Fascist control of other persons connected with the press is 
exercised through such component bodies of the corporative system as 
the National Federation of Newspaper Publishers and News Agencies, the 
Association of the Technical I^ess, the Society of Authors and Publishers, 
and the National Federation of the Publishing Industry, 

3. Control of News and Comment 

Supervision over what is to be published in the Italian press 
is vested in the General Directorate for the Italian PresSp a division 
of the Ministry of Popular Culture, This agency controls editorial 
commentary of all sorts, news stories and en^jhasis, and even artistic 
criticism, throughout the Italian press.. Under the Fascist regime 
detailed directives, formulated by the Director in close collaboration 
with the Minister and the Duoe, were sent out daily, enforced by the 
implicit threat of confiscation of recalcitrant publications or dis¬ 
missal of the responsible editors. 

Control over dissemination of Italian news abroad was exorcised 
by the same Ministry through the General Directorate for the Foreign 
Press, which controlled official news sources and attempted to use 
various kinds of pressure on individual foreign journalists in order 
to secure favorable reporting, 

4, News Agencies 


Stofani is the only official Italian news agency* It has 
numerous local correspondents and controls news stories from foreign 
sources. These are sent out from Rome and are almost always printed 
verbatim by the newspapers. Although other news agencies exist, they 
are important mainly for special coverage. ^ 

5, The ^ook Trade 


Book publication, totalling some 10,000 books per year, centers 
in Rome, Milan, Florence, Turin, and Bologna* Control over book 


1^/ Annuario dell a stampa, 1937-8, pp, 117-^22. 

2/ Ebenstein, Fascist Italy , p, 67; Italian Sasic Handbook , p. 91; 
Annuar io della Etonpa, 1937-8, pp, 793-1^, ’ 













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« 16 « 


CONFIDENTIAL 


publication has been largely indirect, censorsMp being applied only 
after the volumes are already printed and bound. Out of 12,431 boohs 
reviewed for censorship in 1935, 374 were rejected and seized for 
containing elements contrary to the politica?., social and economic 
order of the state©” The dread of financial loss resulting from 
this type of postweensorship made publishing houses extremely wary of 
accepting manuscripts T/hich might be deemed unsuitable; cn the othor 
hand, orthodox Fascist works found ready acceptance© 

In viov/ of this situation it would be desirable to introduce 
as soon as possible novels and other works "which have been published 
in Italian in foreign countries, such as the publications of the free 
Italian publishing house at Capolago, Switzerland© ^ Italian trans¬ 
lations of recent books on world affairs and of anti^Fascist classics 
would also find a ready market© 


Films 


Under the Fascist regime motion pictures were extensively used 
as a propaganda medium, uxKier close state supervision. Although it 
may be undesirable to continue direct film propaganda on the same scale 
in future, the popularity of the cinema makes it a suitable means for 
influencing popular attitudes indirectly and unobtrusivelyc 

lo Government and Fascist Party Control 

Governmental responsibility for tlie supervision of films and 
the film industry is vested in the General Directorate for the Cinema, 
a division of the Ministry of Popular Culture, which also has general 
supervision over the Educational Motion Picture Union ( L^ Uni one 
Cinematografica Educatjva—LUCE) , discussed below© The~Ministry has re- 
vlowed all'Italian and foreign films (except those produced by LUCE) 
before release, suggesting changes or adaptations, and in some cases 
refusing release entirely (see appendix. Table 12). The same machinery 
could easily be used under Allied auspices to prevent release of any 
films inimical to United Nations interests. 


l/ Ebenetein, Fascist Italy, p. 106. 











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— 17 « 


COIIFIDBNTIAL 


Paecist Parly control over individuala in the film and theater 
industries is exercised through the National Fascist Federation of the 
Entertainment Industry and the National Fascist Federation of Workers 
in the Entertainment Industry^ both of "which aro organs of the cornora- 
tive systemo 

2o The Film Industry 

In 1936 the film industry in Italy had a total capitalisation 
of 29p650,000 lire, l/ Total Italian film production in 1940 was 85 
filmsp not including LUCE films (see below) and other short subjects. 

The Fascist government made strenuous efforts to increase the 
production and quality of Italian films by means of sii^sidies. The 
Ministry of Popular Culture lent important aid to the establishment 
in 1935 of "Cinecitta,a large group of studios ne^.r Romo in iriiitation 
of Hollywood. 

The Educational Motion Picture Union ( L^Unione Cin ematografica 
Eduoativa— -LUCE), producing educational and propaganda films "and news^ 
reels, was established in 1924 as a semi^state body and in 1942 was 
recognized as an official state body. LUGE has been, next to tho press, 
the most important Fascist instrument for mass propaganda. Some of 
its propaganda films have had compulsory circulation, and after 1941 
all motion picture houses were required to show LUCE newsreelSo LUCE 
has been allowed to affiliate with commercial film producing and distri- 
buting companies. 

Under Allied occupation the facilities of LUCE would presumably 
be used for educational film production and for adapting newsreels of 
Allied origin for Italian audiences. Films depicting Allied relief 
and reconstruction activities in Italy would probably have a good offecto 

3. Distribution 


Films are distributed both tlirough regular commercial channels 
and through the facilities of the Dopolavor o (Leisure Time) organization, 
which maintains about 700 traveling projectors for rural districts. 

The Ente Nazionale Industrie Cinema to grafiohe, affiliated with LUCE, 
controls one ot the greatest ^ilm booking agencies in Italy, thus guar¬ 
anteeing the financial success of the most important Italian films. ^ 


^ Societa Italiana per Azioni, Notizie statistich e, 1937, p. 36. 
^ Table 12, below. 

2/ I talian Basic Handbook, p, 87*. 














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- 18 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


4o Theatere 


In 1938 a total of 1^418 Italian theaters were regularly or 
occasionally available for motion picture perfoncanceso The majority 
of such theaters seated betvreen 250 and 500 personso Many of them 
were located in rural cormunes of not more then 10,000 inhabitants, 

The Italian theater and cineioa industry had a total capitali¬ 
zation of 55,605,500 lire in 1936. 2^ Gross receipts of laotion picture 
houses were 597 million lire in 1939, 679 million lire in 1940, 906 
million lire in 1941, and 1,269 million lire in 1942. ^ 

5. The Audience ^ 

Motion pictures are the main popular Eunusement in Italy,, 
Expenditure for motion picture admissions in 1939 v.'as 13®51 lire per 
capita, as compared vdth 2o71 lire for theater, 0o92 lire for sport, 
and 2<,22 lire for other types of entertainmento Individual motion 
picture admissions in 1938 totaled 348,597,011, at an average admission 
price of le68 lire. ^ 

American films have been consistently the most popular with 
Italian audiences, despite official efforts to promote Italian films and 
restrict the showing of foreign films. Up to 1940 the United States 
provided the largest number of films each year and brought in the largest 
share of box office receipts (73o66 percent between July 1, 1937 and 
December 31, 1938)o As late as June 1942 many American films wore 
still in circulation, with dubbed-in Italian dialogue, and the demand 
for -American films apparently had not subsided. £/ 

Under these conditions it will probably be desirable to provide 
for importation of suitable now American films. American producers 
are on the whole well informed as to the tastes and idiosyncrasies of 
Italian audiences» 


Society Italiana degli •^‘-utori ed Editori, Lo. Spettacolo in Italia , 1936. 
pp« 163, 180, 183e 

^ Societa Italiana per '“'zioni, Notizie statietiche, 1937, p* 36, 

^ Lo Spettacolo in Italia , 1938, pp. 192, 197. 

^ See Tables 9, 10, 13, below; Lo Spettacolo in Italia, 1938, ppo 192, 197, 

S/ Ibid . 

G/ Survey of Foreign Experts, Report ?/N 206, Dec. 11, 1942<> 






















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' ^ ..... -.-.• . 







19 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


Vie Minor Propaganda Media 

!• Theater^ Opera,, Musicp and Arts 

Dramatic and musical performances still play a large part in 
the cultural life of the aristocracy and middle classeso In 1958, 

194,961,192 tickets were sold for 72,056 public porfoiiaances of these 
types, at an average price of 5c 12 lire; nearly 50 percent of tlie ticketsWere 
sold in communes of less than 100,000 inhabitants. The popularity 
of those forms of entertainment has, however, been declining gradually 
for a number of years, and only 16,041,261 tickets were sold in 1941 o £/ 

The Fascists attempted to use artistic media for propaganda 
purposes, and to imbue Italian cultural life witii a Fascist atmospheroo 
In reality, however, the propagandistio iiriportanoe of these art forms 
is not groat, and Allied authorities can afford to permit considerable 
latitude in the artistic field. Italian cultural activity may probably 
be tjnisted to reorient itself in a more liberal direction without much 
external guidance. 

Control of musical and theatrical activity is officially vested 
in the General Directorate for the Theater, a division of the Ministry 
of Populsir Cultureo New theatrical works must be approved by the 
Ministry in advance of perforraaoceo ^ 

2. Organiz ati one 


In addition to such recognized media as the press, radio, films, 
posters, '.»lCo, and regular Fascist organizations. Fascist propaganda 
was disseminated through a great variety of state-^-supervised or party® 
supervised organizations of an ostensibly social, professional, or 
cultural oharactero By this means the individual Italian was brought 
into direct contact with Fascist ideas. 

With most of these organizations, however, propaganda was an 
incidental rather than an essential part of their functionso Therefore, 
such organizations as are not dissolved on the ground of their specific¬ 
ally Fascist character may well be encouraged to revert to their original, 
nc^-propagandistic functions» Insofar as their usefulness depends upon 
some public or semi«political aim, efforts might be made to direct 
their energies toward welfare and reconstruction activityo 


^ Lo Spettocolo in Italia, 1938, p. 48. 

^ Osservatore Romano, Aug. 14, 1942. 

y Decree of Mar. 18, 1935, no. 326 ( Gazzetta Ufficiale, Nov. 4, 1935), 










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- 20 - 


C0KPIDELT?IAL 


Appendix h Radio 

TABLE Is ITALIAN BROADCASTING STATIONS 
Medium-Wave Stations 


Station 

Kind 

KaA 

Kwo 

Ancona 

Bacohini 

1548 

1 

Ascoli Piceno 

....I 

Moacta 

0o2 

Aquila (Abruazi) 



1 

Bari I 

Marconi 

1059 

20 

Bari II 

EIAR 

1357 

1 

Benevento 



0o2 

Bologna I 

Marconi 

986 

50 

Bologna II 



0o2 

Bolzano 

EIAR 

536 

10 

Cagliari 

... 


1 

Campobasso 

Morelli 


0o2 

Catania 

— 

565 

3 

Catanzaro 

... 

... 

0„2 

Cervia 

... 

... 


Co "tenza 

... 

... 

0o2 

Florence I 

Marconi 

610 

100 

Florence II 

EIAR 

1140 

10 

Florence III 

... 

1258 

1 

Foggia 


... 

OcH 

Fossacesia 


... 


Genoa I 

EIAR 

1140 

10 

Genoa II 

EIAR 

1357 

6 

La Spezia 

... 

... 

0o2 

Macerata 

— 

... 

0o2 

Messina (?) 

— 

.... 

0o25 (?) 

mian 1 

RCA 

814 

50 

Milan II 

Marconi 

1357 

4 

Milan III 

Bacohini 

1429 

1 

Milan-Italia Libera 
(Clandestine) 

mmmmmm 

... 


Naples I 

EIAR 

1303 

10 

Naples II 

Bacohini 

1429 

1 

Padua 

EIAR 

... 

... 

Palermo 

Marconi 

565 

3 

Pescara 

— 

... 

0o2 

Potenza 

... 

... 

0o2 


1 / Annuario statistic© italianoa 1941, p,‘511; BBC Survey of Broadcaetinf, 
Organi^tion in X^ly , Lee, ib, ~19'42 ~(CID 28433); supp 1 emeutary" information 
from Topographic rntelligence Subdi^siono 













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,-4. 













21 


COilFIUEMJjlL 


Station 

Kind 

Ko/s 


Rome I 


713 

ICC 

Rome II 


1222 

60 

Rome III 


1357 

6 

Rome-Haz iohale 




Socialista (Clandestine) 



San Remo 


1348 

5 

Taranto 

•>»— 


0o2 

Teramo 



0.2 

Turin I 

EIAR 

1140 

30 

Turin II 

ELAR 

1357 

5 

Turin III 

EIAR 

H29 

5 

Trieste 

I^rconi 

114C 

10 

Venice 

Mare Hi 

977 

5 

Verona 

CGE 

1428 

0o25 

Zara 



Oo? 



Short-7/ave 

S»tations 


Prato Smeraldo 

2Ro3 

9630 



4 

11810 



6 

15300 

Include 


7 

17770 

two 100-kw 


8 

17820 



11 

7220 

two 5G“kw., 


17 

19590 

one l«kw. 


18 

9760 



19 

10330 



21 

15060 



22 

11950 



23 

6oOC 



H.Bo The ohort--^ve transmi ssions of "Radio 2ari" to the Near Rast 
apparently originate in Ron»e. 





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CCNFIDF.NTI\L 


TABLE PRIVATE R/.DIO SUBSCRIBERS 
By R o gi ons^ ( December 3Ip 19^^) X// 


Abruzzi e Molise 

Calabria 

Campania 

Emilia 

Lazio 

Liguria 

Lombardia 

Lucania 

Marche 

Pienonte 

Kiglie 

Sardinia 

Sicil.ia 

Toscana 

Umbria 

Veneto 

Venezia E'iulia e 
Venezia Tricientina 


22,062 

22,74S 

106^320 

123^071 

162,416 

95,798 

314,584 

5^614 

28,562 

202^322 

58,518 

21,767 

83i,233 

114,877 

19,736 

115,060 

53,790 

27,677 


To t&l 


TTsfrriss 


(b) By Com.ui' 0 ii v/ith Bro adcasting; Stations ' (D eoember 51, 1940 ) 2^ 


Kncon& 

Bari 

bologna 

Bolzano 

Catania 

Florence 

Gene a 

L * Aquila 

Milcn 

Raples 

I'adua 

Palermo 

Rome 

San Remo 

Turin 

Trieste 

Venice 

Verona 


5,153 

11,488 

25,421 

4,986 

10,193 

28,714 

51,473 

1,517 

140,315 

48,729 


19,219 
Hi., 726 


81,317 
24,129 
19;, 350 
8,338 


BbC klropeiin ■'^udience Lstimat^; Italy, July 23, 1945, citing 
Anu'Aa u~fo "}j Tat£sH'co_ iano^ I 94 rc 
/ Aruiuario atatistion ital u ~r)Q. 1941, p> 311- 




















» 25 


COMFIDSIfflAL 

TABLE 3: GOi'5TKNT AKB DURATION OF BROADCASTS, 1939 l/ 


Conte nt Hours 


Cpej-a 9p584 

Symphonic and Chamber Music lOpTTO 

Light end Dance lilusic 27p351 

Operetta 2^890 

Sacred end Choral Music ,2^,558 

Lectures end Talks 5^811 

Recitation caid Declamation 3^476 

Broadcasts for Children I^ISS 

Ceremonies and Sports 2^077 

Scholastic Programs 3^258 

Programs for Farmiors l^OGC 

Programs for the Armed Forces 2^394 

News 21,, 356 ^ 

Miscellaneous 43 789 

Recorded Programs 21p030 


Total 117,542 


statistico italia nog 1 941 , po 311 n 












- 24 « 


CONFIDEK?l/tL 


(a) Rome 


Appendix II ; Press 

TABLE 4: IMPORTANT DAILY NEPfSPAPBRS l/ 


(l) II Qiomale d^Italia o Formerly organ of Vir ginio G aydao 
Director after July 25, 1943, Senator Alberto Bergamini (founder snd 
director, 1901-24)« Originally a powerful Rightist and Nationalist 
organ; then one of strongest Fascist paperso Controls II rlccoloo Gorso 
Umberto I, Palazzo Sciarrao 


(2) II Lavoro Italiano, formerly II Lavoro Fascistoo Editor 

after July 25, br© -^rmenise, who was under Fascism a member of its 

board of directors and a leading figure in the agricultural corporation. 
As mouthpiece of the syndicates, may either follow a policy of sustaining 
their Fascist organization o.r form a nucleus for a ’’popular front” labor 
leadership. Piazza Montecitorio, 127. 

(3) II Messaggeroo Edited after July 25, 1945 by Pio Perrone, 
one of the greatest Italian capitalists' (Ansaldo), who has o^TOod the 
paper for many years, even vdiile Alessandro Pavolini, Fascist Minister of 
Popular Culture, was editore Perrone®s brother Mario was assistant 
Director before July 25. Represents large industry. Good nerrs coverage.. 
Via del Tritone, 152. 


(4) II Popolo di Romao Edited after July 25, 1S43 by Corrado 
Alvaro, novelist, under Fascism editor of Corriere della Sera and Resto 
del Carlinog also frequent contributor to La Starapa and II' Hessaggero o 
Via del fritone, 61o 


(6) La Tribuna-L^Idea Nazionale^ Fascist Editor Umberto 
Guglielmotti, onetime president oi" tKe Journalist®s Syndicate® Before 
Fascism, La Tribuna was a leading ministerial organ; L°Idea Nazionale 
was the leading nationalist organ (Pederzoni, D^^imunzio, etColT'^'nfa 
Milano, 69® 


(b) Milan 


(6) II Corriere della Sera . Most prominent daily of Italy® 
Formerly liberal^ Good news servioeT Controls II Pomeriggio and La 
Domenica del Corriere, Sunday magazine-newspaper edition. Via SolTorino, 
267 " 


1/ Annuario della stampa, 1937-38; FjBIS West ern European V»eokly, Aug., Sept., 





























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3r i£^rir.*jOTq dfeoSi , 3*r83 aXIab o\-3i‘nQC XI (a) 

JboB f * . f jii^iioO '.'Voivie .1 ar3«n boo^' ^-Xtamo^ 

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V 


- 25 - 


CONf’IDElJTIAL 


(’7) II Secolo — La Serao Formerly leading democratic dailyo 
Lost influence under Fascismo ^HT^ettala, 22o 

^ (8) II Popolo d^Italia o Mussolini's papero Director under 

Fascism and perhaps now under the Gfermansp Vito Mussolini. Editor 
Giorgio Pinio Mario Appelius and Luigi Barzini prominent Fascist staff 
memberso Offices--8-acfced-by-*ffl3rti—Fascist crowds; paper abolished by 
Badogliop revived by Germans. Via A, Bftissolinip 10c 


(o) ^urin 


(9) La Sta]^a o Formerly the organ of Giolitti^ upheld his 
liberal tradition against Badoglio. Via ^oma. Galleria de La Stampa. 


(10) La Gazzetta del Popolo . Edited after July 25, 1943 by 
Tullio Giordana,~fVunder of L'Lpoca (Rome, paper of Orlando), onetime 
director of La Iribuna (RomeJ. Chmer: Soc. Editrice Torinese, a large 
[publishing house T IRordana came out against the Badoglio censorship - 
'-'orso Valdocco, 


(d) Bari 


(ll) Gazzetta del Ifezzogiomo o Under Fascism, founder and 
director Raffaelo Gorjux; editor, 'Luigi de Seely, Largest daily of theSouth 
outside of Naples, Piazza Roma, 48o 

(e) Bologna 


(12) II Resto del Carlino , ^ditor after July 25, 1943, 
Professor Giovannini, political economist, a leading personality in pre« 
Fascist Italy, Long established conservative paper, once organ of the 
landed interests. Via Dogali, 5o’ 

(f) Cremona 


(13) 11 Regime Fasoista . Founder and Director, Roberto 

Parinaccig radical Fascist. Suppressed by Badoglio; may be revived by 
the Germans. Runs Creraoha Nuova (Fascist publishers) and La Vita I tali ana 
(monthly). Via So Anguissola, 14-16, 




















X,' 

rit wS aJ Ol ocm Z £l (V) 

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cvJt'V ^BftaarxaO '©rfv ^obxof •cfiH'teq hii£i mziona^' 
r 11-14. *, • Siv^sxh^y'iq l>}lij.l hrm tulX^c^A o±‘zilX ol*^ 

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lo[ w\ jefV .B/iaa^dO ijorl\3T ^c.tl^ob^ 

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' \ ,000^5IaiV cz'fo*’^ 


-:■ iT^g (b) 

bp/tfQfri o±3QS3^? I&b (IX) 

':b &b S^lij3 r.*:orEJbe Alas'll£51 no^'c?nit 

. ■ . ' ' A32jal^i -R-aXqBH sJbladi/c 

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bi^-sdofl .,'io.iotr:.::<X bita iL?^bn;/o'5 ,BJ aXr»C£^ usug r ^- It (SI) 
vff t^ri>3Tt ©<f .oxi'iob^S xd f)©enei'7qIJ^ 1^1/ 'flLn'i ^soO£>riief9 

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- 26 « 


CONFIDENTUL 


(g) Florence 

(14) La Nazioneo B^itor after July 25^ 1943, Bruno Michelio 
Old nationalist paper. One of the earliest Fascist dailies. Controls 
II Nuoyo Giornale, the only other inQjortant Florentine daily© Via 
Ricasoli, 8c 


(h) Genoa 


(l.~) II Corriere Mercantile, Editor after July 25, 1943, 
Luigi Laneri, foraerly a raiMiber ot the staff. Official organ of the 
shipping and commorcial interests of Genoa, Old, conservative, special¬ 
izes in economic news. Controls Giornale di Genova. Via Brigata 
Liguria, 15, 

(16) II Lavoro . Editor after July 25, 1943, Umberto Cavassa, 
fomerly of the staTTr’^Tn pre-Fascist times, the organ of the seamen's 
union. Under Fascism, operated by an ex-socialist. Editor Giuseppe 
Canepa, Salita di Negro, V, 


(i) Leghorn 


(17) II Telegrafo. Fascist Lditor Giovanni -^^nsaldo. May 
be reinstated by German^ CTontrols Corriere del Tirreno, only other 
important Livornese daily, Viale Vittorio Alfieri, 3-4, 


(j) Naples 


(18) II Mattino. Editor after July 25, 1943, Paolo Soarfoglio, 
son of the founder l^^duar^ Soarfoglio. Controls II Corriere di Napoli, 
and II Roma (Editor Enrico Scaglione), only other important dailies in 
Naples’^ We. Angiporto, Galleria 7. 


(k) Palermo 


(19) Giornale di Sicilia. Leading paper of the island, 
Put out a Roman edition' after the Tall of Sicily. Via Maurolico, 




















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" ’ iiiV *'^. i«b o«,.c^af»'^oX'H (JnavToqmi xodio yXiio orif ^glainoiO ovaij^if il 
^' • ' ■' •TTx roSToH 

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vS^-^U tiih n»:f'ia '5o;*ib3 »eXx^it/>;^T<^ yiaJbttov Xf '( ‘I.) 
tdi 7o iT«;r^'o Xaij>mo ‘io TsEuftci a ,i*t0jn.'»U x^XjjJ 

-£xXf©c{3 ,ovX;'«v'io3n‘. 0 ,bXO ./joroO 3o a.^^5e•r^c^ftc laX-nontr^^o l»nn 

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(C) 

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co:^?iDE]^T:i: 


occupation, 
(1) Trieste 


(20) Sicilia Liberata« ■f)aily reportec5 puoiieacJ u’ 


II Piccol o. Pre~191,B 
organ, A Gin£l 0 "Viinagement (Soor. 
this paper and li j/icGclo della Eoraj 
Hotiz ie all iir^portant~TrlostVo^ai 1 


irredcntiot, 
i-'>do X ual fj 
II Pcpolo di 
iecT '' 



Tio"Telli 








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CQUFIDBI3TIAL 

TABLE 5: IMP0RTA13T PERIODICALS l/ 

(a) General 

Nuova AntoloRia (1866), Rome; Luigi Federzoni, editor; 
general political, economic, Rnd literary articles by leading men in 
public life; fortnightly* 

-"Ibliografia Italiana , Rome; annotated bibliography of 
Italian publications; monthly, 

Leonardo , Florence; critical reviews of books; monthlyo 

Minerva (1891),Rome; general review; monthly« 

La Critica , Bari; publication of Benedetto Croce; irregular« 

La Critica Fascista , Rome; Fascist editor G-iuseppe Bottai; 
fortnightlyo 


Gerarchia, Milan; Fascist editor Vito Lfussolini; monthly. 


Rassegna Italiana, Rome; Fascist editor Tommaso Sillani; 

monthly. 


La Vita Italiana , Rome; rabid political propaganda (controlled 
by Feu-inacci) and anti-seraitism; monthly. 


(b) Economic 


0 

II ^iomale degli Economisti/Rivista di Statistica (1886), 
liilan; editor Giorgio Mortara, leading economist and statistician; 
monthlyo 


(c) Press 


Echi e Comnentig Rome; every ten days. 


1/ HOLiS Italian Basic Handbook, po 92; Annuario della c ’ ^mpa, 1937-.8 






















-i"'. 








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■^r - ••■■■ -' .'. • , /i.''* 

: '""1 

; y'ij-! 4r\ox> y:idb^^Jl tmliVf 

^. . H.A' /' r: - •.;. ^. \ ^ .. .; • /'• ro' I 

' ■ •-••-'■, ,•.•" .,• iy^>0‘ rv.-4 




** . ' • . ^ .«.,f •. < » ••.- »-.• .A-..,‘^^» •»,•*>»* « • * 


,•<. i 


*^;'' ^3*1 • •’T .. - ' r.. 


' "*' * . «iv 3 . </^.. K, . ‘,.*ri''.^ I'; k V■- • ^ ’,’a-- 1. ,,.,i..,v .‘^v’ r>» 

. . » •« » - 7 \ ■^* 

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■ ■ : ■■; ’ ■-. ' 

.v^iyi'xOix: ^d 


•'• ••'’•■*' ''V^y i^rsb4 ;.-^-i•'.(:»•! . \.'.:i- •»'t, 


. cv“ 


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oi/iirO.'tOO’'’ (d) 


:cn 


n;jj; k..-^ * ^7r- ^ ..xUl:^^oz 








r. J.? 


3L‘4 


■ 'd’xi V...‘s' ■.i^'rv-' ,•! S'T'^C'4, 


/ 


v-.-p - :y - p: bi/f" '^pwk v’>';r;;;:i:,f 


i 


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■:''A-Avu 41-4;:!^ .'■'A.- < 

..'/iD i •■ '*' ‘ C.-I X '-' • • 




s .■■.r-;-'» = 
■•■K-r i v-f • '” ' 


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. . s. - ., >. J .1 J '. . . 




’’■i".'.‘ v::;.- 


1 


I 


‘ - - *•» 






CONFIDEOTIAL 


(d) Political 


Relazioni Intomaaionali» Milan; Fascist editor Vittoria 
Varale; gives comprehensive sumary of diplomatic activil^ and official 
releases, as well as polemical articles on international relations. 


(e) Popular and Illustrated 

Illustrazione Italiana (1873), Milan; Fascist editor Enrico 
Cavacchioli; frequent pVopagancla contributor, Mario Missiroli; weekly. 


TABLE 6; CATHOLIC PUBLICATIONS ^ 


(a) Newspapers 


L’Osservatore Homano (1861), Vatican City; editor Count 
Giuseppe dalTa Torre, conservative-clerical leader; principal contributor 
Professor Giuseppe Gonella. The Osservatore, the official newspaper of 
the Vatican, publishes ail encyclicals, speeches, interviews, etc., of 
the Pope and of high occlesiastical officials, usually verbatinic 

L*Italia, Milan; Via Tadino, 23. 

I ,';,vVoaire d* Italia, Bologna; via Montana, 4; has a Roman 
edition (L^Avvenire). 


(b) Periodical 

La Civil ia Cattolica, Rome; editor F. Rinaldi; organ of the 
Jesuit order, very ^os^ tolugh Vatican circles; fortnightly* 


1^^ Same sources 



















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« 30 


CONFIDENTIAL 


TABLE 7: ITALIM BOOK PUBLICATION, 1937-1939 ]/ 



1937 

1938 

1939 

Main "types of books published 

Religious 

488 

532 

615 

History and allied subjects 

778 

696 

824 

Legal 

780 

973 

865 

Medical 

654 

621 

591 

Fascism, political and social 

sciences 

471 

503 

561 

Philological 

1211 

1100 

843 

Contemporary litera"ture: Poetry 

453 

407 

438 

" ” Prose 

1136 

1038 

896 

" " Drama 

281 

241 

243 

” Miscellaneous 166 

141 

167 

Technology and industry 

502 

483 

543 

Total publications 

Italian 

8,814 

8,511 

8,847 

Other languages 

1,356 

1,470 

1,169 

Place of publication (regions) 

Lombardia (including Milan) 

2,825 

2,447 

2,335 

Lazio (including Rome) 

1,852 

1,966 

2,313 

Piemonte (including Turin) 

1,155 

1,159 

1,046 

Toscana (including Florence) 

1,114 

1,142 

1,190 

Vene-bo (including Venice) 

639 

664 

719 

^^lia (including Bologna) 

551 

609 

607 

Campania (including Naples) 

603 

609 

524 

Cicilia (including Palermo) 

448 

360 

353 

Ton other regions 

983 

1025 

929 

Total books published, all types 

10,170 

9,981 

10,016 


1^ Annuario s^tatistico italianop 1941^ pp© 305*^6 











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CONFIDENTIAL 


) \ 


« 31 - 


TA;^ 8; MAJOR PUBLISHING HOUSES l/ 


Milan 

A.Mondadori, Via Corridoni 39 
Fratelli Treves, Via Palermo 10 

Rizzoli & Oo — Societa Anonima per l*Arte della i^tampa. Piazza 
Carlo Drba 6 

Casa Lditrice Libraria Ulrico lioepli. Via Berchet 


Turin 


Uniono Tipo^rafico-Ldibrico I'orineso (UTET), Gorso Roffaello 28 
G, B. Paravia k C,, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 199 
Editrice Internazionalo, Corso Regina Margherita 176 (scholarly, 
moral, religious books) 


Bologna 

Nicola -ianichelli, Crrte di Galuzzi 13 
Florence 

Ra Bemporad k Figlio, '/ia da* Pucci, 4-A 
Vallecohi, /iale dei Millo 72 

Palermo 

Industrie Reunite Editoriali Lioiliane (IRES), Via Enrico Albaneso 


1/ Societa Italiane perAzioni, Notizie statistichc , 1937 (Rome, 1937). 














/ 




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32 


CONFIDEIITIAL 


Append!jc III: Films 


TABLE 

1 ; BOX Ql'FICE 

RECEIITS, 1939 l/ 




1„000 lire 



Theater 

119^755 



Cinema 

597,253 



. iiports 

40,924 



Miscellaneous 

98,098 



Total 

856,030 


TABLE ‘ 

O: PEH CAPITA 

EXPENDITURE ON FILMS, 1939 Zf 


Hogion 

Lire 

Region 

Lire 

Ligui'ia 

31o6C 

CfeiTipanie 

9o33 

Lazio 

25a7B 

i">aglie 

8.15 

'/onezia "^iulia 


Uarche 

7,67 

G Zara 

22oU 

Uiabria 

7o55 

?iei:iijnte 

18o2C 

Sicilia 

7o40 

LombfU'dia 

17o94 

Sardegna 

7ol5 

Toscana 

16o57 

A.bruzzi e Molise 

3,97 

^“Uilia 

15,87 

Calabrie 

2,17 

Venebo 

10,84 

Lucania 

lo51 

Venezia Tridontina 10o49 

ALL Italy 

13o61 


Annuario statis tico italiaix> , 1341 , po 309 
















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33 


COliFIDErn’IAL 


TABLE lai NUIffiER OF FILMS (1^000 Metres or More) 
Released, 1930»1938 }/ 



1930 

1931 

1932 

1933 

1934 

1935 

1930 

1957 

1938 

Italian 

18 

27 

31 

36 

51 

39 

45 

33 

45 

Eoroign 

374 

262 

229 

260 

237 

202 

187 

289 

228 

Total 

392 

289 

260 

296 

298 

241 

230 

322 

273 


TABLE 1-^. FIUjK SUmCTTED TO MINISTRY OF POPUUR CULTURE 
IN 194«. (Exclusive of LUCE Films) ^ 



Italian 

U.SoAo 

French 

German 

Other 

Total 

Full-length films 

Submitted 

85 

78 

49 

45 

20 

277 

i .Approved 

81 

63 

40 

38 

10 

232 

Approved with 

1 modifications 

4 

13 

3 

5 

8 

33 

1 Uisapproved 

0 

2 

6 

2 

2 

12 

Short films 

Submitted 

41 

22 


8 


71 

■'Approved 

18 

13 


8 

— 

39 

Approved with 

modifications 

20 

6 

— 

— 

— 

26 

Disapproved • 

3 

3 

— 


““ 

6 

Total 

Submitted 

126 

100 

49 

63 

20 

348 

Approved 

99 

76 

40 

46 

10 

271 

' Approved witli 

modifications 

24 

19 

3 

5 

8 

59 

Disapproved 

3 

5 

6 

2 

2 

18 


1^'' Societa Italiaiia degli Autori ed Editor!, Lc ^pettacolo in Italia, 1938, po 208 
-^rmuario statistico italiano, 1941, po 310 






















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- 34 » 


■ 


COJir'iD^JNTIAL 


TABI£ lo: BOX OFFICE E/JININOS OF NE?,' FIUIS, BY 
NATIONALITY, JULY 1, 1937 - DECEMBER 31. 1938 l/ 


Co.mtry of Origin 

Percent of Total Earnings 

UcSoAo 

73o56 

Italy 

13o63 

Franco 

5 o05 

Gormany 

4o73 

England 

2o79 

Japan 

0o24 


roos 

TABLE 14: 

LIAJOR FlUi C0!IPA!:iES, 1937 )}/ 


Romo ... . 

-Cinocitta — S, A<, Italiana Stebilimenti Gincmatosrafici, Via Veio 

51 (e8t» 193S; capital 6,000.000 lire) 

Ente Nazionale Industrie Cineraatof^rafiche, Via Po 32 (esto 1935; cnpi>.al 

10,000,000 lire) , « / 4 - 

Industrie ClnaMtografiche Italisne ilCl). Via del Tritone tr (est, 1953 

capital 1,000,000 lire) 

Astra Film, Via Po 50 (est. 1935; capital 20,000 lire; ^ 

Luici Po Vecohi Indus tria CinomatOi^rarica, ViaJ-Yaiiceeco Crispi 58 
(est„ 1936; capital 50,000 lire) 

Xiner^togrsfia a Color! Katurali (Cio Co. V».;. Foro Bor^parte 57 
(esto iv'28;: ca.pital 1,500,000 lire; 

Immobiliare Pisorno (cstc 1934; capital 60,000 lire) 
Consorzio Vis (osta 1934; carital 1,000.000 lire) 

Pisornu Fil:n (eat- 1937; capital 2,100,000 lire) 


1^/ Lo pet t aco lo in Italia, 1938, cited, p. J.99. 

2/ fooieta Italiana per A^ioni, Wotiae^tatitSiSllS^ 193^, pp. 1740-53. 


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